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Because you’re doing two things at once, you fail at your main task. The third theory suggests that overarousal and overstimulation, especially in extreme situations—such as competing for an Olympic medal—make people unable to perform at peak levels. Excess energy has nowhere to go, according to this theory, and the result is a lack of focus. Sian Beilock at the University of Chicago has tried to make sense of the third theory by actually studying putters. She set out to see if putters were most likely to choke when they allowed their conscious mind to intrude at the very worst time.

The Neanderthals were hunter-gatherers, and so they had to go where the food was. Evidence of the Neanderthal diet is gleaned from chemical analysis of micro-traces of food left behind in the plaque on fossilized teeth. Neanderthals consumed a wide-ranging diet that was dominated by meat—there are butchered animal bones aplenty wherever their remains have been found—but that also included vegetables. Chemical analysis of a famous Neanderthal skeleton from Saint-Césaire, France, suggested that he and his cohort ate fewer reindeer and more woolly rhinos or mammoths than did their main competitors, hyenas.

As we’ve just seen, earlier experiments had shown that there’s a wide range of sensitivity to the smell—to some people, the stench is overpowering, whereas others don’t notice it at all. Knowing that, the scientists in the most recent experiment concluded that there couldn’t be a single asparagus smell. Rather, there must be a variety of odors, each one as different as the person who produces it. That has yet to be tested, though—it’s hard enough to persuade volunteers to sniff urine at all, let alone to judge its quality.

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