By Jørn Olsen, Kaare Christensen, Jeff Murray, Anders Ekbom
An advent to Epidemiology for future health Professionals
Jorn Olsen, Kaare Christensen, Jeff Murray, and Anders Ekbom
Who will get in poor health? What factors—genetic, environmental, social—contribute to their illness?
Easy sufficient to invite, however the solutions have gotten more and more advanced. this present day, because the public concerns approximately rising illnesses and the observe epidemic is a part of the overall dialogue, epidemiology will be a uncomplicated part of scientific education, but frequently it truly is undertaught or perhaps overlooked. Concise and readable whereas additionally rigorous and thorough, An creation to Epidemiology for overall healthiness Professionals is going past regular textbook content material to flooring the reader in medical tools so much correct to the present health and wellbeing panorama and the evolution of evidence-based medicine—valuable keys to raised knowing of sickness strategy, potent prevention, and distinct therapy. This volume:
- Presents fabric accessibly for readers who can have now not studied epidemiology.
- Focuses both in descriptive and analytic branches of epidemiology.
- Demonstrates purposes of descriptive and analytic equipment in public health and wellbeing, genetic epidemiology, and medical epidemiology.
- Includes a "Sources of mistakes" part addressing difficulties in inference and decision-making, choice bias, and different universal pitfalls.
In addition to its usefulness for graduate scholars in public overall healthiness and scientific scholars in medical epidemiology, An advent to Epidemiology for healthiness Professionals is a well timed reference for practitioners wanting a refresher during this vital self-discipline.
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Additional resources for An Introduction to Epidemiology for Health Professionals
Example text
Notice, Graphical Models of Causal Links 33 however, that it makes little sense to talk about the cause of a disease when several component causes are in the field leading to the disease. They are all necessary causes in that causal field. Graphical Models of Causal Links Over the years epidemiologists have used graphical presentations of the exposures, confounders, and diseases they study. More formal rules for depicting these diagrams have been presented [6] and especially the directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) play an increasingly important role in setting up the strategy for selecting variables to be collected and for selecting the appropriate way to analyze data.
Notice that the SMR depends on which set of weights we use since the age-specific mortality rate ratios vary largely with age. They are especially higher in Greenland than in Denmark among the young and by selecting the population in Greenland we give more weight to the young. The SMR is an average measure given these conditions but it does not provide all the available information on mortality risks in the two populations. Important information is given in the age-specific rates. In fact, it would be misleading just to present the SMR value.
04) taken from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. II. 2 Differences in food-specific attack rates in an outbreak of food-borne illness [3] Persons who ate specified food Shrimp salad Olives Fried chicken Barbecued chicken Baked beans Potato salad Macaroni salad Root beer Bread Neapolitan cream pie Persons who did not eat specified food Well Total Attack rate (%) Difference in attack rates 15 5 4 3 21 13 2 27 36 18 6 30 42 28 67 10 +25 +31 –44 +84 12 8 15 0 18 21 10 6 10 2 13 21 22 14 25 2 31 42 55 57 60 0 58 50 –7 –11 –22 +50 –11 –17 Ill Attack Well Total rate (%) Ill 8 19 10 17 4 13 33 1 12 32 43 18 67 59 23 94 12 17 9 23 8 1 13 20 15 23 9 2 25 37 24 46 17 3 48 46 38 50 47 33 proportions (risks) are called attack rates and differences in attack rates are used to generate hypotheses of specific food items that should be further investigated (in this case, for example, barbecued chicken).