By D. H. Griffiths and R. F. King (Auth.)
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This equation is useful for estimating 28 Applied Geophysics for Geologists and Engineers Vm Fig. 14 Dependence of P-wave velocity on porosity in dry and saturated rocks of grain matrix velocity Vm. porosity 0 from velocity or vice versa, using Vf == 300 m s ~l or 1500 ms _ 1 for dry and saturated rocks respectively, and a value of Vm, appropriate to the composition, which will rarely lie outside the range 5000-6000 m s -1 . Partially saturated rocks are found to have velocities close to the "dry" value up to 80-90 per cent saturation, when a rapid increase to the "wet" value occurs.
2 Output of a geophone as a function of frequency for different degrees of damping. f0 is the resonance frequency. Simple single-channel systems are sometimes used in small-scale refraction work when the source or recorder is very mobile. g. a weight-drop or hammer-blow) to successively longer ranges. 1) as another example of a useful single-channel system, but in general for either refraction or reflection work it is most efficient to gather seismic data in multi-channel form, and 12, 24, 48 or even 96 channels are now in common use.
9 The ray paths which form a common depth point family from a horizontal reflector. Thefivegeophones are shown in the positions that they occupy when shot 1 is fired: for S3 the spread has moved two spacings to the right so that it is G5 which now occupies the "G3" position. 6) as t2 = t2^x2/yi where t0 = 2h/V and the material above the reflector has a constant velocity V which can in principle be determined by plotting t2 against x2. 1) Note that the NMO decreases with increasing t, that is, the hyperbolic t - x relationship for a reflection event (Fig.