By Robert A. Samson (auth.), J. E. Smith (eds.)
The genus Aspergillus has a world distribution and is likely one of the commonest of all teams of fungi. they're in all probability the best contami nants of typical and man-made natural items, and some species may cause infections in guy and animals. The aspergilli also are probably the most very important mycotoxin-producing teams of fungi whilst turning out to be as contaminants of cereals, oil seeds, and different meals. no longer all aspergilli are considered as challenging contaminants, besides the fact that, as numerous species have had their metabolic functions harnessed for advertisement use. The aspergilli have lengthy been linked within the a ways East with the koji degree of a number of foodstuff fermentations, really soy sauce and miso, and thus as a resource of necessary enzymes. the facility of those fungi to provide numerous natural acids, in particular citric acid, has created significant business complexes around the world. conventional equipment of pressure advance ment were broadly studied with the economic traces, whereas extra lately, recombinant DNA know-how has been utilized to the aspergilli with emphasis on heterologous protein creation. In compiling this ebook, i've been lucky to have the entire enthu siastic involvement of the authors, and to them I expand my very thankful thank you for often being on time and for generating such readable and authoritative chapters. jointly, we are hoping that our efforts will improve the medical figuring out of this interesting workforce of filamentous fungi and additional their use within the box of biotechnology.
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Pitt, j. , 1980, The Genus Penicillium and Its Teleomorphic States Eupenicillium and Talaromyces, Academic Press, London. 39 40 Z. KOZAKIEWICZ and D. SMITH Pitt, J. , and Hocking, A. , 1977, Influence of solutes and hydrogen ion concentration on the water relations of some xerophilic fungi,]. Gen. Microbiol. 101:35-40. Raper, K. , and Fennell, D. , 1965, The Genus Aspergillus, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. Roquebert, M. , 1993, Freezing of Lentinus edodes, Mycol. Res. (in press). Scott, P. , 1977, Penicillium mycotoxins, in: Mycotoxic Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses, Vol.
Pseudodeflectus A. sydowii A. versicolor A·flavus A. oryzae . A. parasiticus N eosartorya fischeri A. 95 aTaken in part from Lacey and Magan (1991). 97 PHYSIOLOGY OF ASPERGIllUS Aspergillus species differ in their a w requirements, and therefore the presence of a particular species in a food or feed is often a good indicator of previous storage conditions. Eurotium species, better known as members of the A. 71 a w (Table I). Aspergillus restrictus and A. penicillioides are also considered to be xerophilic.
Violaceus A. viridinutans A. wentii Aspergillus species a Poor Number of strains 7 6 I 1 2 4 II 1 1 6 4 Longest survival period (yr) 23 18 18 18 14 3 22 18 24 13 13 24 16 Shortest survival period all remain viable (yr) 18 18 14 18 3 13 13 1 3 recovery. cooling may depend on the presence of osmoregulatory chemicals. Glycerol, erythritol, and trehalose are some chemicals that can be synthesized by fungi in their natural habitat when responding to osmotic stress (Smith, 1993). The presence of such chemicals in the cell has been shown to give protection (Kelley and Budd, 1991; van Laere, 1989).