By Guinevere Liberty Nell
Austrian Economics views on Individualism and Society brings jointly economists and political scientists focusing on evolutionary swap and spontaneous order.
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No longer. As the cost of DNA examination has fallen, what was once thought a very rare condition in which a human being possessed more than a single genome has turned out to be common. For example, a woman needing a kidney transplant was tested to enable her to find a match. The results were entirely unexpected. Describing this incident, Carl Zimmer wrote tests “indicated that she was not the mother of two of her three biological children. It turned out that she had originated from two genomes.
As Émile Durkheim’s pioneering study showed, even so intensely personal behavior as suicide varies in frequency from society to society (1997). All our characteristics, from our language and customs to our most personal psychology, bear the imprint of our culture. Hayek’s observation that we learn to act rationally from living in social groups is one important example of this principle. 3. Society is encountered by individuals as an objective reality. We are born knowing nothing or next to nothing about our world.
Methodological individualism’s central claim is that action-theoretic levels of explanation in the social sciences enable us to understand social phenomena in a way inaccessible to the natural sciences. Actions are motivated by intentions, and we can understand them as such, even when the actual result of these actions is unintended and even undesired by the actor. Its explanatory power arises from its capacity to show how unexpected consequences arise from action intended to accomplish very different goals, as when rent controls lead to reduced populations in Berkeley (diZerega, 2000: 311–314).