By Kyung Cho, Irvin F. Hawkins
With an abundance of illustrations and tables to focus on severe details, this resource offers a realistic method of using CO2 as a distinction agent for diagnostic angiography, vascular intervention, and different interventional methods in either adults and pediatrics. truly laying-out key issues within the technological know-how, procedure, and medical functions of this technique, this resource should be a relentless spouse for physicians treating a number of problems affecting arterial and venous movement.
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Extra resources for Carbon Dioxide Angiography: Principles, Techniques, and Practices
Example text
Comparison between CO2 and iodinated contrast media is summarized in Table 1. RADIOPACITY OF CO2 Contrast materials in current use for angiography absorb X-rays to a greater or lesser degree than the surrounding tissues. Depending on density and atomic weight of the material, contrast materials can be categorized into positive or negative contrast media. CO2 is a negative contrast agent, whereas iodinated contrast medium is a positive contrast. The radiopacity of contrast materials increases with the increase of its atomic 23 24 Table 1 Cho et al.
CO2 will compress, purge fluid from the catheter, and inject. d. After purging, subsequent injections require less pressure and delay. 20 Hawkins 5. TIPS a. Using any needle, inject 30 cc of CO2 into the hepatic parenchyma for visualization of the portal vein throughout the various steps of the procedure. b. With the guidewire in place, CO2 can be injected between the needle and the guidewire to verify the needle entry site and determine stent positioning. 6. Renal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and stent placement.
Therefore, extreme care should be taken to prevent air contamination; intravenous injection of 50 cc of CO2 will have no effect on vital signs, but injecting the same volume of room air will likely result in a cardiac vent. Comparison between CO2 and iodinated contrast media is summarized in Table 1. RADIOPACITY OF CO2 Contrast materials in current use for angiography absorb X-rays to a greater or lesser degree than the surrounding tissues. Depending on density and atomic weight of the material, contrast materials can be categorized into positive or negative contrast media.