By Henry Petroski
Advent -- Paconius and the pedestal for Apollo : a paradigm of blunders in conceptual layout -- Vitruvius's auger and Galileo's bones : paradigms of limits to dimension in layout -- Galileo and the marble column : a paradigm of a layout swap for the more serious -- Galileo's affirmation of a fake speculation : a paradigm of logical errors in layout -- The layout and cave in of the Dee Bridge : a paradigm of good fortune overlaying mistakes -- The Britannia tubular bridge : a paradigm of tunnel imaginative and prescient in layout -- Failure as a resource of engineering judgment : John Roebling as a paradigmatic dressmaker -- The layout weather for the Tacoma Narrows Bridge : a paradigm of the selective use of historical past -- historical bridge disasters and caveats for destiny designs -- end
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Sample text
The functional representation on the other hand involves viewing the drawings as a cohesive whole, which includes implicit information about each component as well The drawings (including past lists and specifications) implicitly contain the functions they serve in the assembled design and in the information about the process they convey to the person who must manufacture the part (Waldron & Vohnout, 1988). During the study of expert mechanical designers, at times when they were looking at and talking aloud about assembly drawings, all identified this implicit (functional) information first.
Coordinates of reference, relative dimensions, tolerancing and fit and assembly drawings all ensure the cohesive organization in design. 4. Affordance: This meta function describes how properties of the design (as a potential device) match properties of the environment described in the specifications. What the specified environment affords the device (including the operator, if necessary, in this unit of analysis) constrains the design in functionally significant ways. For example, the pads on the feet of a walking machine must match the characteristics of the surface over which the machine must walk (hard earth, soft, sand, mud).
24, No. 10, pp. 25-72. V. C. 20036. V. (1987), "Generalization of the Engineering Method to the Universal Method," Engineering Education, Ian. 1987, pp. 214-221. , Donath, M. (1988), "The Automated Symbolic Derivation of State Equations for Dynamic Systems," to appear in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, San Diego, CA, March 1988. Y. (1987), "Design Research in an Experimental Environment," Presented at the International Congress on Planning and Design Theory Conference, ASME, New York.