Optics

Download Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing by Richard L. Gregory PDF

By Richard L. Gregory

Because the ebook of the 1st version in 1966, Eye and Brain has demonstrated itself around the globe as an important advent to the fundamental phenomena of visible conception. during this e-book, Richard L. Gregory bargains transparent causes of ways we see brightness, circulation, colour, and items, and he explores the phenomena of visible illusions to set up ideas approximately how belief often works and why it occasionally fails. even though successive variants have integrated new discoveries and concepts, Gregory thoroughly revised and up-to-date the ebook for this ebook, including greater than thirty new illustrations. The phenomena of phantasm stay an important subject matter within the booklet, within which the writer makes a brand new try to offer a entire class method. There also are new sections on what infants see and the way they learn how to see, on movement belief, and tantalizing glimpses of the connection among imaginative and prescient and cognizance and of the effect of latest mind imaging concepts. furthermore, the presentation of the textual content and illustrations has been better by means of the bigger structure and new web page layout. The millions of readers of the former variations of Eye and Brain will locate this new revised variation much more appealing and captivating.

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Additional resources for Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing

Sample text

This could convey information at only a slow rate, so perhaps single units multiplied into many ommatidia to give the benefits of parallel processing? It is interesting that Daphnia, which has 22 ommatidia, is in constant motion; perhaps scanning with its 22 optical fingers. Compound eyes with hundreds or thousands of optical elements do not need to scan, for they have enough units to work in parallel, as simple eyes such as ours do. 5 Frames of a cine film showing scanning of the photoreceptors of Copilia.

Each eyeball is equipped with six extrinsic muscles, which hold it in position in its orbit and rotate it to follow moving objects, or direct the gaze to chosen features. The eyes work together so that normally they are directed to the same object, converging for near objects and parallel for great distance. There are also muscles within the eyeball. The iris is an annular muscle forming the pupil, through which light passes to the lens, which lies immediately behind. The iris contracts to reduce the optical aperture of the lens in bright light, and also when the eyes converge to view near objects.

5. The receptors move precisely towards and then away from each other—never independently. The rate of the scan varies from about five per second to one scan every two seconds. The secret of this eye is to be found by looking at the living animal. In 1891, Selig Exner reported that the receptor (and attached lens cylinder) make a ‘continuous lively motion’. At that time the concept of sending information down a single channel by scanning was not appreciated—so Copilia could not, in the full sense, be seen at that time.

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