By Robert L. Carroll
"Carroll has to his credits a huge quantity of necessary labour in writing the ebook and should most likely nook the marketplace for a vertebrate paleontology textual content for the remainder of this century." Nature
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1990, E]ectronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Ernahrungsbiologie benthischer Foraminiferen, Ber. Sonderforschungsbereich 3 I 3,31: I -I 39. , 1983, Recent advances in research on living planktonic foraminifera, Utrecht Micropaleontol. Bull. 30: 14 I -170. , and Anderson, O. , 1989, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera, Springer-Verlag, New York. Herbert, D. , ] 991, Foraminiferivory in a Puncturella (Gastropoda; Fissurellidae), J. Moll. Stud. 57: I 27-] 29. , 1915, Contributions to the study of the bionomics and reproductive processes of the Foraminifera, Phil.
A) specimen detached from a larger specimen of Amplzistegina gibbosa showing holes in the test of prey caused by two separate attachments, scale bar = 100 Ilm. (B) closeup of the attachment site from which a predator was removed, scale bar = 50 Ilm. (e) closeup of the central hole in B, drilled into the A. gibbosa test by F. , pits and holes). Unfortunately, although the literature on fossil foraminifera is vast, there are few mentions of predation and its effects. The oldest evidence of predation on foraminifera seems to be from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Kansas (Hageman and Kaesler, 2002), where fusulinids exhibit several kinds of predation damage.
In other groups, the coevolution of predators and prey have driven certain evolutionary trends through time (Vermeij, 1987, 1994), but such trends cannot yet be deciphered for either planktonic or benthic foraminifera. Such trends likely exist but must await detailed study. In short, we know little of the interrelationships of foraminiferal predators and their prey or of foraminiferal prey and their predators. Perhaps the two most fruitful areas of future research would be a renewed emphasis on experimentation and observation of living systems, and a concerted effort to document the fossil record of predation in foraminifera by the evidence of boring, gouges, breakage, and etching left on their tests and the comparison of co-occurring metazoan fossils to modem foraminiferal predators.