By Wolfgang Singer, Michael Totzeck, Herbert Gross
The cutting-edge guide provides a entire advent within the rules and the perform of calculation, structure and knowing of optical structures and lens layout. Written through reputed business specialists within the box the person is brought to the fundamental homes of optical structures, aberration conception, class and characterization of structures, complex simulation versions, measuring of method caliber and production concerns. greater than 2,000 full-colored illustrations and photographs help the reader during this subject and provide a simple figuring out of complicated optical structures and optical modeling.
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Extra info for Handbook of Optical Systems, Volume 2: Physical Image Formation
Example text
For the optical design of imaging systems it is, however, undesirable to have imaging properties depending on the intensity or similar effects. Therefore optical material with linear properties, such as conventional glasses and isotropic crystals, are preferred. Unfortunately not all effects can be avoided all the time, and therefore thermal effects, or, particularly at short wavelengths, anisotropic crystals, have to be applied. Beside the latter all nonlinear effects will not be considered in this volume.
17-121) approximates to a parabola, whereas for large z the asymptotic approximation holds: wðzÞ~ kz w ¼ 0 Á z ¼ tan h Á z » NA Á z pw0 z0 ð17-122Þ with the beam divergence angle h given by h¼ k : pw0 ð17-123Þ 33 34 17 The Wave Equation In the region of the waist of length 2zo diffraction dominates, while in the asymptotic approximation the geometric-optical approximation can be applied. With eq. (17-122) the product of the beam waist and the beam divergence is proportional to the wavelength. The phase of the field distribution is always spherical due to the paraxial approximation, and its dependence on the propagation distance z is given by RðzÞ ¼ z þ z20 : z ð17-124Þ The content of eq.
At interfaces, boundary conditions can be formulated and the solutions in homogeneous regions separated by the interfaces can be determined analytically (see chapter 18). In weak inhomogeneous media, the right-hand side of eq. 2 Wave Equation in Homogeneous Media and the Scalar Wave Equation For the special case of homogeneous (Ñer = 0) and non-conducting (r = 0) media, the conventional form of the wave equation for the electrical field is obtained from eq. 2 From Maxwell to Helmholtz 2 n2 ¶ E: D~ E ¼ 2 2~ c ¶t ð17-12Þ The wave equation in homogeneous media is still a vector equation, but the vector components of eq.