By Max Koch, Martin Fritz
Postwar employment criteria are being undermined and 'non-standard' employment is turning into extra universal. whereas students have pointed to detrimental outcomes of this improvement, this quantity additionally discusses the facts for a brand new and socially inclusive ecu employment average.
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Additional resources for Non-Standard Employment in Europe: Paradigms, Prevalence and Policy Responses
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8. In the American Sociological Review database (from 2004 to 2011), ‘precarity’ has only one occurrence and this is in Kalleberg’s paper. ‘Precariousness’, by contrast, has twenty occurrences within various thematic concepts. 9. The multiple rules for minimum wages provide an interesting case illustrating wide-ranging differences. 10. The statistical identification of ‘marginal jobs’ in Germany was not unequivocally settled at that time. The figures are much higher today. 11. D. Gallie notes, rightfully, that an approach in terms of ‘vulnerability’ has psychological undertones (private discussion) (e-mail exchange with the author, March 2010).
Pollert and Charlwood (2009) recall the unfortunate and scandalous situation of the Morecambe Chinese cockle pickers who drowned while working on coastal sandflats in the north-west of England in that same year, and focus on low-paid workers not represented by the trade unions. As a result, collective perceptions in the British public debate were changing with regard to the specific situation of low-paid, insecure, and badly protected workers. A typical instance of this change was the major report commissioned by the Trades Union Congress in 2008 (TUC, 2008).
In attempting to overcome such extreme views, Elchardus examines the interrelation between standardization and flexibility/diversity and argues that it does not make sense to talk of any one of these in isolation, without reference to its counterpart. In contrast, the existence of and the respect for generally agreed economic and social standards is normally the precondition of flexibility and diversity and define their scope. Chaos and disintegration both at the system and social level (Lockwood, 1992) would be the likely result without such agreements on social standards.