By Andrew Baker
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Furthermore, the optical access to the atoms is inhibited by the coil on the axis. Another type of trap is the loffe trap, which is shown in Fig. 29c. The radial confinement is provided by the four bars, whereas the confinement in the axial direction is produced by the two pinch coils. In Fig. 31 the magnetic field contours for this type of trap are shown in two different symmetry planes of the trap. The confinement in the radial direction is much stronger than in the axial direction, which allows the creation of samples with a strong asymmetry.
One of these is v = Nf /N, the fraction of atoms remaining in the trap after the cooling. The other2 is 7, a measure of the decrease in temperature caused by the release of hot atoms and subsequent cooling, modified by i/, and defined as = J \og(N'/N) logy ' ^ J This yields a power-law dependence for the decrease of the temperature caused by the loss of the evaporated particles, namely, T' = Tz/7. The dependence of the other thermodynamic quantities on the parameters v and 7 can then be calculated.
This means that the average frequency of each absorption is <^abs = ^o + ur and the average frequency of each emission is a;emit = ^o ~ ur. Thus the light field loses an average energy of h(uo^s — c^mit) = ^Huor for each scattering. This loss occurs at a rate 2^p (two beams), and the energy becomes atomic kinetic energy because the atoms recoil from each event. The atomic sample is thereby heated because these recoils are in random directions. The competition between this heating with the damping force of (34), results in a nonzero kinetic energy in steady state.