By R. J. Keyes (auth.), Robert J. Keyes (eds.)
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In birefringent materials the optical dispersion (dependence of refractive index upon wavelength) of the ordinary and extraordinary ray differs with crystal direction and polarization. By proper choice of material and crystal direction for given signal and pump frequencies, the phase matching condition can be achieved over an appreciable crystal volume, thereby providing a large increase in the intensity of the signal radiation. Crystals useful for pa rametric upconversion should exhibit nonlinear optical properties, be birefringent, and be optically transparent at the frequencies of interest.
The slope of the I-V characteristic at the origin, IS R= kT. 49) becomes . 50a) which is recognized as the expression for the Johnson noise current. 51) which is the form of the shot noise current most frequently employed. The Photon Detection Process 41 1// Power Law Noise The other form of noise found in semiconductors is 1/f power law noise, characterized by a spectrum in which the noise power depends approximately inversely upon frequency. 52) where K 1 is a proportionality factor, I 8 is the bias current, B is the measurement bandwidth, f is the frequency, a is a constant whose value is about two, and f3 is a constant whosevalue is about unity.
Absorption Edge Image Converter, Evaporagraph. Two devices of interest at one time were the absorption edge image converter, which employed the temperature dependence of the absorption edge of a semiconductor as the sensing mechanism, and the Evaporagraph, which depended on the temperature dependent thickness of a thin film of oil. See Kruse et a!. 121] for further details. 3 Wave Interaction Effects The third principal category of effects is that of wave interaction, which arises from the interaction of the electromagnetic field of the incident radiation with the sensing material.