By R. W. Pickens, G. I. Elmer, M. C. LaBuda, G. R. Uhl (auth.), Charles R. Schuster Ph.D., Michael J. Kuhar Ph.D. (eds.)
In spite of a "war on medications" that spans years, and despite raises in legislation enforcement efforts and to a lesser volume remedy, substance abuse and dependence proceed. whereas the variety of those that test with medicinal drugs has reduced in recent times, those that use medicines again and again, in step with haps a number of occasions every week, a degree of "hard middle" drug abusers, has now not replaced, and emergency room visits linked to ingredients abuse keeps to upward push. contemplating either licit and illicit drug abuse, the variety of drug abusers in, for instance, the USA is huge and, for this reason, the associated fee to society is superb. a up to date Institute of drugs examine means that the final rate is ready $66 billion according to 12 months (1990 costs). definitely while assessing the whole fee of substance abuse, we needs to comprise of the prices of ailment and behavioral problems which are in detail linked to substance abuse. for instance, sharing of needles between illicit drug abusers has been and is a serious vector within the unfold of drug resistant TB, AIDS, and hepatitis. extra, using medications and alcohol results in hazardous sexual practices with the attendant chance of AIDS and different sexually transmitted ailments. Tragically, babies are born with medications of their approach and with infections and affliction transmitted from the moms who're drug abusers or their intercourse companions who're drug abusers.
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Extra resources for Pharmacological Aspects of Drug Dependence: Toward an Integrated Neurobehavioral Approach
Example text
Analysis of backcross and recombinant inbred strains developed from BALB/c x DBA/2 mice suggested the existence of a major gene effect on the performace of ICSS behavior (GAZALA and GUENET 1980). In the only study to determine the effect of an abused drug on ICSS behavior in inbred mice, the rank order for sensitivity to the rate increasing effect (and presumably lowered threshold) of amphetamine was BALB/cByJ > C57BLl6J > DBA/2J mice (CAZALA 1976). The technique of selective breeding has generated separate lines of rats having high and low hypothalamic self-stimulation rates (LEIBLICH and OLDS 1971; LEIBLICH et al.
Linkage disequilibrium is a term used to define a process with poorly understood mechanisms that results in significantly lower than expected rates of recombination observed between some chromosomal loci. Linkage disequilibrium can thus allow a genetic marker used in an allelic association study to provide information about not only whether closely adjacent DNA contains a functional gene defect, but also about the possibility that DNA thousands of bases removed from the polymorphic genetic marker, but in linkage disequilibrium with it, could also contain a functional gene defect.
1991; CUNNINGHAM et al. 1992). One study, in particular, demonstrates the utility of dose-effect curves and the potential confound of phenocopies in determining mechanisms underlying behavior. The potency of morphine to induce CPP does not differ in the CXBK mice compared to ddY mice (SUZUKI et al. 1993) despite a significant insensitivity to most morphine-related phenotypes (analgesia, locomotor stimulation) and significantly less ,u-receptors in the CXBK mice (BARAN et al. 1975; MOSKOWITZ and GOODMAN 1985).