By H. Robinson (auth.)
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Extra resources for Population and Resources
Sample text
Let us now look at some of these factors and note some of the movements to which they have given rise. At first, man's movements must have been unconscious wanderings and, as a result of these driftings, he came to occupy most parts of the earth's surface. C. at the latest. Later, in historical times, man moved consciously and his movements were of a more deliberate kind. He moved for two main kinds of reasons which might be conveniently termed 'attractive' and 'repellent' reasons. Among the varied reasons which attracted man to move and settle elsewhere were: more genial climatic conditions, better economic opportunities, higher standards of living, a greater measure of social and political freedom, and adventure and the sheer attraction of foreign environments.
THE HISTORICAL GROWTH OF RESOURCE USE Biologically, man is merely an animal, albeit the highest of the animals. Like other animals he has the same physical needs, that is those of air, water and food, and these basic physical requirements bind him firmly to his environment. If he attempts to leave his land base for any length of time, he must take some or all of his basic needs with him. Indeed, on the land surface itself, his numbers and distribution are strongly influenced by, and sometimes determined by, the occurrence of fresh- Resources: Their Nature and Distribution 51 water supplies, fertile land to yield food crops, and pastures for the animals he rears.
9 million square miles or 29 per cent of the earth's surface: the remaining 71 per cent or 196951000 square miles is water. Formerly, economists were prone to state that land, unlike the other factors of production, was strictly limited in quantity and that even in the long term its supply could not be increased. Although it must be admitted that the total area of land on the earth's surface cannot be appreciably increased, it is, nevertheless, not strictly true to say that the amount of land is inexorably ftxed, for in the Netherlands, in England, and in South-east Asia appreciable areas of swampland and land intermittently inundated by the sea have been reclaimed and transformed into fertile areas.