By John W. Pepi
This article is meant for structural, mechanical, and optical engineers who desire to receive an realizing of the rules of power choice for optical parts. those that paintings with ground-, air-, or space-based platforms, in addition to with ceramics, semiconductors, and so forth, will achieve an knowing of fracture mechanics functions. this article expands simple fracture mechanics concept to incorporate residual rigidity, which is never stated on within the literature and will have dramatic results on lifetime. whereas complicated equations are offered and a uncomplicated knowing of engineering ideas is important, advanced wisdom of fracture mechanics and effort rules isn't required
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One might note that if the fracture toughness values of most ceramics fall in a similar range, they will have similar strengths for similarly sized flaws. That is true; however, some may be more susceptible to scratches and flaws than others due to hardness, while others may be so tough that grain size limits the strength. 5 Example for Consideration Consider a fused-silica optical component in which a pennyshaped crack with a half-width of 50 mm is found in the surface of the optic. Calculate the strength of the component.
3 Fracture toughness of various materials. Material High-strength steel Aluminum Engineering ceramic KIc MPa-m1/2 60–100 20–40 1–4 their more ductile nature and tolerance of larger defects. One might note that if the fracture toughness values of most ceramics fall in a similar range, they will have similar strengths for similarly sized flaws. That is true; however, some may be more susceptible to scratches and flaws than others due to hardness, while others may be so tough that grain size limits the strength.
Materials with flaws fail in tension, not in compression. • Long scratches, as well as most flaws, including grinding flaws, are generally made up of point flaws, not line flaws. • Flaw depth is not readily visibly evident. • Strength tests can eliminate the need to know flaw depth and shape. • Unless otherwise annealed or treated, almost all flaws contain residual stress. org/terms Crack Basics 9 References 1. S. M. , pp. 2–3 (1971). 2. A. A. Griffith, “The phenomenon of rupture and flow in solids,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A 221 pp.