By Raymond C. Moore
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Extra info for Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology - Part T - Echinodermata 2
Sample text
Luschan (1900, Berlin). While Ranke was deeply opposed to the idea of human evolution, with Otto Schwalbe, just mentioned, Theodor Mollison (Mu¨nchen), Felix v. Luschan (Berlin), Rudolf Martin (Mu¨nchen), and Otto Schlaginhaufen (Zu¨rich) successively advocated measuring techniques of every conceivable kind (Keller 1995; Chaoui 2004; Junker 2004; Hoßfeld 2005b). While Schwalbe was convinced that information on evolutionary history could only be gained from neo‐ and paleozoology, others 29 30 1 Historical overview of paleoanthropological research focused predominantly on typological classification of prehistorical populations and neglected broader paleoanthropological questions.
Although Boucher de Perthes could not avoid the image of flamboyant enthusiast and ‘‘madman,’’ there finally came a change in the assessment of the hand axes as genuine tools. Finally, the precise excavation of the gravel beds of the Somme at St Acheul by the French amateur naturalist Marcel‐Je´roˆme Rigollot (1786–1854) impressed a group of outstanding British colleagues, among others Charles Lyell, and led to the acceptance of the claim that the hand axes were associated with extinct mammal bones—but where did this leave the human fossils?
As the plesiomorph jaw and the apomorph brain of Eoanthropus complied with this expectation, it fitted perfectly into a scheme that was in fact wrong. S. Weiner, Sir Kenneth Oakley, and Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark jointly exposed the hoax, although there was much skepticism and rumor earlier. Whoever the players were in this black mark in science, they were aware of the attractiveness and fascination of fossils, the rare resources that help to decipher our place in nature, and they obviously knew about the public appeal (Stringer and Gamble 1993; Walsh 1996; Weiner and Stringer 2003; overview in Harter www; Turritin www).