By J S R Chisholm
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For example, the values of a and b for helium are smaller than the corresponding values for CO 2 . 0305 Source: These values can be obtained from the critical constants in data source [B]. A more extensive listing of van der Waals constants can be found in data source [Fl. 1. Unlike the ideal gas equation, this equation explicitly contains molecular parameters and it tells us how the ideal gas pressure and volume are to be "corrected" because of the molecular size and intermolecular forces. We shall see how van der Waals arrived at this equation in the next section.
Each of them is associated with a change in energy. , is independent of the manner of the transformation. 3 shows how a transformation of volume and temperature of a gas from the state 0 to the state X may occur in two different ways, each following different intermediate volumes and temperatures. In each case the total amount of heat exchanged and the mechanical work done will be different. But, as the 38 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) (Courtesy the E. F. Smith Collection,Van PeltDietrich Library, U"niversity of Pennsylvania) First Law states, the sum of the two will be the same, independent of the path.
The well-known Faraday's law of induction, the generation of an electrical current by a changing magnetic field, came in 1831 . All these discoveries presented a great web of interrelated phenomena in heat, electricity, magnetism and chemistry to the nineteenth-·century scientists. Soon, within the scientific community that investigated this multitude of new phenomena, the idea that all these effects really represented the transformation of one indestructible quantity, "the energy," began to take shape (see the article "Energy Conservation as an Example of Simultaneous Discovery" in [1]).