By Eric C. Nystrom
beginning within the overdue 19th century, mining engineers constructed a brand new set of practices, artifacts, and discourses to imagine advanced, pitch-dark three-d areas. those maps and versions turned invaluable instruments in growing and controlling these areas. They made mining extra comprehensible, predictable, and ecocnomic. Nystrom exhibits that this new visible tradition was once an important to precise advancements in American mining, equivalent to enforcing new defense rules after the Avondale, Pennsylvania, fireplace of 1869 killed one hundred ten males and boys; knowing advanced geology, as within the wealthy ores of Butte, Montana; and settling high-stakes litigation, akin to the Tonopah, Nevada, Jim Butler v. West End lawsuit, which reached the USA ideal Court.
Nystrom demonstrates that those missed artifacts of the 19th and early 20th centuries have a lot to coach us at the present time. the advance of a visible tradition helped create a brand new expert type of mining engineers and altered how mining was once done.
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Additional resources for Seeing Underground: Maps, Models, and Mining Engineering in America
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Photo by Eric Nystrom, 2010. Blueprints helped bring visual information in the form of maps closer to the actual working spaces of mines. ”28 In this quote, it is unclear whether the author is referring to the mine as an underground space, or the mine as an operation, but blueprints could be useful in each place. In cases where a large company owned a number of mines spread out over large distances, such as in the bituminous coal fields after the turn of the twentieth century, the mine maps might be kept by the central engineering office at some distance from each mine.
Let us examine each of them briefly. In order to determine side-to-side and up-and-down angles, preindustrial miners generally used two tools. One was the compass, which could measure side-to-side angles in the same fashion underground as above ground. The other was a clinometer, used for measuring up-and-down angles, where a weighted tongue or plumb bob would point toward the ground and the edge of the protractor-like clinometer would represent the angle to be measured. Miners usually used these tools by tightly stringing a stout cord between the points to be measured.
35 He would also know, without looking at the index, where to put away a map that had been taken out. Not all filing systems chosen by mining companies worked in this fashion. By contrast, the last organizational system used by the Coxe Brothers & Company, an anthracite coal mining firm, used a very sophisticated numbering system with three levels of hierarchy in addition to a sequential map number. 4 could be identified from the tag alone. The “D” signified that the map covered the Drifton Colliery; class 1 was “Land and Surface Maps”; subclass 9 embraced maps of “Railroads, Creeks, Canals, Telephone Lines, Transportation Outside”; this was the twelfth map of in that particular class and subclass for Drifton; and the map was stored, rolled up, in drawer or pigeon hole 205.