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By Maurice N. Richter

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Extra info for Technology and social complexity

Sample text

An effectiveness requirement is incorporated into some familiar definitions: for example, "the totality of methods rationally arrived at and having an absolute efficiency ... "8 Such a definitional requirement is sometimes difficult to apply. For example, some medical treatments are effective only because people expect them to be, and some (including bloodletting as a generalized treatment for many ailments) have been found to be ineffective only after centuries of use. One more example will clarify further the boundaries of the technology concept as here defined.

6 Morgan's scheme, published more than a century ago, is inevitably inadequate in certain respects, just as other older schemes are. Morgan made various factual errors and also erred by assuming that Page 24 evolutionary stages were fundamentally similar for all societies. " In 1884 Friedrich Engels (182095) incorporated Morgan's ideas into the Marxist scheme that he and Karl Marx (181883) had jointly developed. Engels also elaborated upon Morgan's last stage, that of "civilization," describing civilization as passing through the stages (or substages) of slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and (in the future) communism.

Going to sleep is one of these: if you had an urgent reason to want to fall asleep immediately, without drugs or other artificial means (for example, if someone offered you a huge sum of money if you did so), your heroic efforts would Page 5 probably keep you awake and thus be self-defeating. Sometimes, efforts to understand an intractable problem can be self-defeating in much the same way: in concentrating on the problem, we may shut out of our mind all "irrelevancies"and in doing so we may accidentally shut out the key to the problem's solution.

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