By Richard E Klabunde PhD
Now in its moment version, this hugely obtainable monograph lays a starting place for figuring out of the underlying suggestions of standard cardiovascular functionality. scholars of medication and comparable disciplines welcome the book’s concise insurance as a realistic associate or substitute to a extra mechanistically orientated technique or an encyclopedic body structure textual content. a spotlight on well-established cardiovascular ideas displays fresh, greatly approved learn from the sphere.
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Extra info for Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts, 2nd Edition
Example text
These electrode leads are connected to a device that measures potential differences between selected electrodes to produce the characteristic ECG tracings. The limb leads are sometimes referred to as bipolar leads because each lead uses a single pair of positive and negative electrodes. The augmented leads and chest leads are unipolar leads because they have a single positive electrode with the other electrodes coupled together electrically to serve as a common negative electrode. 17. Lead I has the positive electrode on the left arm and the negative electrode on the right arm, therefore measuring the potential difference across the chest between the two arms.
The determination of mean electrical axis is of particular significance for the ventricles and is used diagnostically to identify left and right axis deviations, which can be caused by a number of factors including conduction blocks in a bundle branch and ventricular hypertrophy. Based on the previous discussion, the following rules can be used in interpreting the ECG: 1. A wave of depolarization (instantaneous mean electrical vector) traveling toward a positive electrode results in a positive deflection in the ECG trace.
Hyperkalemia induces bradycardia or can even stop SA nodal firing, whereas hypokalemia increases the rate of phase 4 depolarization and causes tachycardia, apparently by decreasing potassium conductance during phase 4. Cellular hypoxia depolarizes the membrane potential, causing bradycardia and abolition of pacemaker activity. , fever) leads to increased rate of SA nodal firing. , antiarrhythmic drugs) also affect SA nodal rhythm. Calcium channel blockers, for example, cause bradycardia by inhibiting L-type calcium channels, which reduces slow inward Ca++ currents during phase 4 and phase 0.