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In poetry and fiction the term happiness 21 is used for even more specific experiences. Poets pronounced numerous detailed descriptions of what happiness feels like. They characterized happiness as the oceanic experience of unity with nature, as the awareness of being able to cope with any problem that arises and as a Nirwana of peaceful understanding. Phenomenologically oriented psychologists suggested similar definitions of happiness. See Rossi (1926), Van Kerken (1952) and Strasser (1954). There are at least three objections to such highly specific definitions.
Firstly, they tend to confuse 'what' and 'why'; secondly they work only when the phenomenon concerned can be characterized by one clear cause and thirdly, they are very close to the 'object' definitions discussed above. In fact, they are almost identical to these latter definitions. At first sight they focus on experience, but actually they define this experience in terms of external conditions. All this leads me to prefer a 'descriptive' definition of happiness. Affective experience vs cognitive construct: A further difference is between 'affect' and 'cognition'.
The reality aspect involved is one's own life. We will see that happiness judgements have indeed several features which are characteristic for most attitudes. We will see that they tend to be fairly stable through time and are often not affected by minor environmental changes. 2a). It will also appear that the problems involved in measuring happiness are in fact characteristic for the measurement of most other attitudes as well. (To be discussed in chapter 3). Variable aspects. Like all attitudes happiness judgements can differ in various respects.