By Roger B Boulton; et al
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The number and arrangement of further foliage wires has followed many patterns having common objectives of displaying the leaves and fruit as optimally as possible in a given situation. It is important for the fruit to be exposed to light and air. Direct overhead sunlight is not desirable because it risks sunburning, but fruit buried within the canopy often fails to develop properly, particularly with regard to color. Full fruit exposure by positioning of clusters and basal leaf removal increases the sugar near maturity by nearly 1 Brix (Kliewer and Smart 1988).
Cumulative daily air temperature range (maximum minus minimum) was the best prediction of the bloom to maturity time, and cumulative sunlight irradiation was best for timing of days from budbreak to maturity. Jackson and Cherry (1988) (see also Coombe and Dry (1988), Jackson and Schuster (1987» reviewed the literature and compared 14 different measures including degree-days calculated from different base temperatures. s monthly with an area's ability to ripen a cer- rootstock/scion varietal combination.
These are also carboxy acids, of brown-forming substrates, the astringent flacourse, and thus confuse classification. Simi- vors, and the known bitter substances of grapes larly anthocyanins and certain other phenols and wine. Some of them are easily oxidized and terpenes occur in grapes as glycosides, and participate in further reactions. At least Viticulture fQT Winemakers 42 three entire books have been written about this important, diverse, and complicated group of compounds from grapes (Durmishidze 1955; Singleton and Esau 1969; Paronetto 1977).